فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 35 (پاییز 1395)

Since the Europe Union, various theories have tried to why, how, and to examine the results of the integration process. Neo functionalists on the spread, inter governmentalizes on talks between the governments and the role of consensus, constructivists on identity issues and intersubjective interaction, institutionalizes on the formation of supranational institutions and the new realists emphasize the balance of power in the international system. After the events of the crisis in Europe are again important to analyze this process thinkers have focused on this area. The question that arises here is whether any of these views can the current situation (crisis) to analyze Europe Union? In other words, which of them can be a good theoretical basis for the analysis of the Europe Union is a crisis situation? In response to this question can be said that more theories can analyze the conditions of the growing Integration. But among them the theories of Inter governmentalize can better analyze the current situation.

To draw Security horizon ofWest Asian region- after Arabic revolutions in 2011- it is imperative to analyze variables and important elements such as political Islam. On this basis, the main currents of political Islam and discourses of recent developments affecting the region. In this context, the Islamists behavior can be studied in three main categories: 1. extremism and violence in the Middle East, with the advent of emerging trends Takfiri like ISIL. 2. Inability to maintain power and sovereignty by the genuine political Islam movements like the Muslim Brotherhood. 3. Change activism in the resistance movement. The situation of West Asian region is in a period full of tension and chaos with war, Violence and religious and ethnic division’s experiences.The main question is what is the position of political Islam in the development of security order in the Middle East? This article attempts to explore by exploring trends, driving forces and scenarios of political Islam and Islamic movements, and their role in shaping the regional security order in Middle East.

Traditionally, units of International System have sought military competition to provide for their own security and the management of regional and international defense which has led to arms race .In recent years, arms race mainly is seen between Arab countries in the Persian Gulf .In fact, regardless of the strategic and ideological competition in the Arab countries against Islamic Republic of Iran, western governments and the United States, directly or indirectly, due to issues such as energy security, increase arms race in the region. For this reason, that is important to understand of nature and dimensions of the arms race across the Persian Gulf regional security. According to this model, in this article we are looking for to discuss the dominant pattern or model to govern the game of military conflict in the Persian Gulf region in the period 1990-2010.It is clear that the importance of this period is because Major developments shaping the global and regional arms race Such as the consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union, the rise of extreme groups (such as Al Qaeda and the Taliban), the September 11 attacks, the invasion of Iraq in 2003 influenced International Policy and the Middle East.

The formation and alliance of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the Cold war era, especially after the war, had been one of the keys and controversial issues of the international relations researchers. The explanation for the reasons of formation and alliance of this organization is formed in three theories which are, realism (classic and new), liberalism (classic and new) also social constructivism, in different ways. This article, meanwhile investigates weight of each of these three theories, it is trying to present a theoretical framework compilation which is able to be a more efficient explanation of the alliance of NATO, especially after the cold war. Based on combined framework, in analyzing the causes of the continuation and development of this organization, we must consider the factors like; the anarchic structure of the international system, the polarity of the international system, the role of major powers in the system, the position of the international institutions as well as the internal factors and forces and the domestic policy in the process of formation and alliance of the unions like NATO. Meanwhile, mental phenomena, material factors must be measured together and be investigated entirely. In this kind of explanation, different factors at different levels, to understand trends alliance of NATO are considered. Eventually, in explaining this issue, the role of identity, especially the process identity which based on that, western identity with a particular interpretation of democratic values in front of non-western identity with different values is considered. In fact, this dual identity results to alliance the organizations like NATO that its aim is to protect the constructed identity in front of Lt. made identity.

The relationship between Iran and European countries has a deeply rooted history and has constantly witnessed its ups and downs in different epochs. However, thanks to the recently signed nuclear deal and the ruling administration’s breakthroughs in resolving Iran’s complex nuclear case, one can anticipate that such mutual ties are set to boom in a wide range of areas as both sides have lots of shared interests. The present study is an attempt to elaborate on the importance of strengthening the relationship between Iran and European Union (EU) member states. It also addresses key questions in the context of the aftermath of the nuclear deal, namely what factors will govern the ties between Iran and the EU and in which direction such cooperation may steer? In which sectors is it possible to identify shared bilateral interests and common grounds and how can they be realized in a constructive and interactive atmosphere? To fathom the nature of ties between Iran and Europe, one has to initially recognize influential factors on the future of these links and then within such framework analyze such a relationship. It seems that in the new era, combined efforts in the domains of energy and energy security, economy and commerce as well as political and security issues come as the main priorities to secure stability in the region. Following the implementation of The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the framework for expanding such collaboration are explained through the use of pragmatism in international relations theory and analytical methods in this study.

In recent decades, different countries have been willing to use soft power. Power that emphasis on the use of tools in order to create attractive opportunities for influence and increased penetration in other countries. Islamic Republic of Iran is also aware of the importance of soft power in an age of interdependence, Iran exploited tools such as knowledge, culture and ideology to power regional countries. In this article, we questioned that “What is the effect of using the soft power (knowledge, culture and ideology) on the Islamic Republic's regional position?” In response, this hypothesis is designed, “The more use of soft power (knowledge, culture and ideology) by the Islamic Republic of Iran, strengthen and enhance Iran's regional position.” In the knowledge sphere, Iran has made significant progresses in the medical field, cyber, defense and technology, in the culture area. Iran has rich Iranian and Islamic history and cultural commons with the countries of the region. In the ideology sphere, after the Islamic Revolution and Presentation of concepts such as the rejection of foreign domination, justice and the relation between religion and politics has increased its soft power. Power that Iran use to increase its influence in the regional countries through foreign policy. We concluded that the use of soft power tools (knowledge, culture and ideology) has strengthened and enhanced Iran's regional position.